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Electric Submersible Pump Sysytem 
History
Historic wooden wedge-plow drawn by horses
The first snowplows were horsedrawn wedge-plows made of wood. With the advent of the automobile, a number of inventors set about to improve existing snowplows. In the US, patents were issued for snowplow improvements at least as early as 1920.
In 1923, the brothers Hans and Even veraasen of Norway constructed an early snowplow for use on cars. This proved to be the start of a tradition in snow-clearing equipment for roads, railways and airports, as well as the foundation of the company veraasen Snow Removal Systems. Carl Frink of Clayton, New York, USA was also an early manufacturer of automobile-mounted snowplows. His company, Frink Snowplows, now Frink-America, was founded by some accounts as early as 1920.
See also
Snow blower
Rotary snowplow
Winter service vehicle
"Mr. Plow", an episode of The Simpsons about snow removal.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Snowplo , plastic water pump .
Galler , oil extractor pump .
A small sidewalk clearing plow in Ottawa, Ontario, Canad , suntec oil pump.
Sidewalk snowplow in Hallowell, Maine, USA
A small wedge plow mounted on a passenger train in Lower Austria
A grader plowing snow
Garbage trucks fitted with snowplows
Backhoe fitted with special snowplowing attachment
Snow plough attached to an agricultural tractor
TowPLow truck on rural Interstate
CPR prairie rail snowplow
CNR prairie rail snowplow
LIRR snowplow, made from an old caboose, behind an even older one
References
^ "Canadian Railway Hall of Fame -". Rotary snow plow (2002). 2006. http://www.railfame.ca/sec_ind/technology/en_2002_RotarySnowPlow.asp. Retrieved on 2008-10-03.
^ Dysgraphyk; Aitken (01 of February 2008.). "scot-rail.co.uk Snow ploughs". http://www.scot-rail.co.uk/page/Snow+Ploughs. Retrieved on 2008-10-03.
^
Categories: Snow removal
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DC 12V Macerator Water Pump (FL-65) 
History
Howard Phelps received patent number 2,265,545 on his mowing machine, which featured a rotary cutting blade direct driven electric industrial motor in 1941. The Sensation Lawn Mower Company was started by Howard and his wife Rosemary Rodman Phelps. Phelps designed a gasoline powered mower in 1944. Later during the 1950's a generation of snow blowers were developed under the name of Snow Blow. Phelps held patents on over 20 innovations in the lawn industry including the first for a rotary mower grass catcher U.S. patent number 2,855,744 in 1960.
In 1966 Phelps sold the company to local real estate agent Frank Rogers who in turn sold it to a group of Chicago investors headed by Carl Johnson the plant was moved to 16th and Evans Streets in North Omaha, Nebraska. The "Sensation Mike Bike" was named after Carl's son, Mike Johnson. In November 1982 the Sensation Lawn Mower Company was bought by Gilson Brothers, which is considered one of the founding industries of Wisconsin by researchers at the University of Wisconsin. Gilson Brothers' products were distinctive due to a bright orange and white color scheme. In 1988 Gilson was bought out by Lawnboy, which was acquired in 1989 by Toro.
Sensation brand lawn mowers are no longer produced but are still in use today. Mowers were available with the Sensation brand into the 1980s. The Sensation brand was preferred by many landscapers because to their perceived high-quality and apparent longevity. The mower was considered unique because of features such as greaseable wheels, thick cast aluminum decks, and some unique innovations like a cone-shaped metal crankshaft support which was purported to help prevent bending of the crankshaft.
Brand timeline
1942 - Sensation Mower Inc. founded by Howard Phelps.
1966 - Phelps sells the company to local real estate agent Frank Rogers ,electric vacuum blower .
1967 - Rogers sells the company to a group of Chicago investors headed by Carl Johnson , cylinders high pressure .
1982 - Sensation Lawn Mower Company was bought by Gilson Brothers , gear hydraulic pump .
1980s - Sensation Lawn Mowers cease to be sold.
References
^ "NSHS Historical Newsletterd, February 1998". http://www.nebraskahistory.org/publish/publicat/newsletr/feb98.htm. Retrieved on 2008-07-01.
^ "Mowing Machine (Google Patents)". http://www.google.com/patents?id=-ZFiAAAAEBAJ. Retrieved on 2008-07-01.
^ "Gilson History", The Snow Blower Shop. Retrieved 7/1/08.
^ "Founding Industries of Wisconsin (Survey project)". University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. http://www.uwm.edu/Libraries/arch/findaids/uwmmss41.htm. Retrieved on 2008-07-01.
^ "LawnBoy Brand History and Timeline". Lawn-Boy Corp.. http://www.lawnboy.com/about/history/index.html. Retrieved on 2008-07-01.
External links
"Sensation Mowers Users Group" - Includes information on restoration and usage.
Categories: Lawn and garden tractors | Companies based in Nebraska | 1944 establishments | 1951 disestablishments | Agricultural machinery manufacturers
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 e wrong kind of snow is a phrase coined by the British media in 1991 after severe weather caused disruption to many of British Rail's services. People who did not realise that there are different kinds of snow saw the reference as nonsensical; in the United Kingdom, the phrase became a byword for euphemistic and lame excuses.
Background
The phrase originated in a comment by British Rail's Director of Operations Terry Worrall on 11 February 1991 that "we are having particular problems with the type of snow". This prompted a headline in the London Evening Standard saying 'British Rail blames the wrong type of snow' which was swiftly taken up by the media and other papers. The cold snap had been forecast and British Rail had claimed to be ready for the coming snow. However, the snow which was not deep enough for snowploughs or snow blowers to be effective was unusually soft and powdery, finding its way into electrical systems and causing short circuits and traction motor damage. For traction motors with integral cooling fans and air intakes pointing downwards the type that is still common on British electric multiple units the problem was made worse as the air intakes sucked up the loose snow. Meanwhile, the snow also packed itself into sliding door mechanisms and into points, causing them to fail. In addition, low temperatures resulted in problems with electrical current collection from the third rail.
Many electric services had to be substituted with diesel haulage, and emergency timetables were introduced. Long delays were commonplace up to eight hours in some cases. The disruption lasted over a week.
See also
UK Railways portal
Eskimo words for sno , hydraulic pressure .
Leaves on the lin , diesel injector pumps .
Reference , marine pumps .
^ Hartley & Bruckmann 2002, p. 1.
^ Woodward, Antony, and Penn, Robert, The Wrong Kind of Snow, How the Weather Made Britain (2008), ISBN 9780340937884.
^ a b c Gourvish 2002, p. 274.
Allan, Ian. Motive Power Monthly (May 1991) ISSN 0952-2867
Hartley, Peter; Bruckmann, Clive G. (2002). Business Communication. Routledge. ISBN 0415195500.
Gourvish, Terence (2002). British Rail, 1974-97: From Integration to Privatisation. ISBN 0199269092.
Categories: Rail transport in Great Britain | Euphemisms | English phrases
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Single - Block Machines With Capstan On Horizontal Axle 
Operation
Wedge snowplows were the traditional automated method of clearing snow from railroad tracks. These pushed snow off the tracks, deflecting it to the side. Deeper drifts, however, cannot be easily cleared by this method; there is simply too much snow to be moved. For this purpose, the rotary snowplow was devised.
A rotary snowplow at work in New Ulm, Minnesota.
When a snowfall or snow drift becomes too deep,the railroads call on their rotary. The plow is not self-propelled, so one or more locomotives are coupled behind it to push the plow along the line. An engine within the plow's carbody rotates the large circular assembly at the front of the plow. The blades on this wheel cut through the snow and force it through a channel just behind the disk to an output chute located at the top of the blade assembly.
The chute can be adjusted to throw the snow to either the left or the right side of the tracks. An operator sits in a cab just above and behind the blade assembly to control the speed of the blades and the direction of output for the snow from the output chute. With the advent of dieselization, MU controls have been added to the cabs, so that the pushing locomotives can also be controlled from the plow's cab.
In areas of particularly deep snowfall, such as California's Donner Pass, railroads sometimes would create a train consisting of a rotary snowplow at each end (with the blade ends pointing away from each other), and two or three locomotives coupled between them. With a plow on each end, the train would be able to get itself back to its starting location even if the snowfall was heavy enough to obscure the tracks it had just passed over. Such a train would also be able to efficiently clear multiple track mainlines as it could make a pass in one direction on one track and then reverse direction and clear the next track. This practice became standard for the Southern Pacific Railroad on Donner Pass following the January 1952 stranding of the City of San Francisco; during attempts to clear the avalanches that had trapped the train, two rotary plows were themselves trapped by further avalanches, and the crew of a third was killed when their plow was directly hit by an avalanche.
Rotary snowplows are highly expensive due to their high maintenance costs, which the owning railroad must pay regardless of whether they are needed in a given year. As a result, most railroads have eliminated their rotaries, preferring to use a variety of types of fixed-blade plows that have significantly lower maintenance costs, in conjunction with bulldozers, which can be used year-round on maintenance-of-way projects. In addition, because rotaries leave a cut in the snowbank that fixed-blade plows cannot push snow past, once rotaries have been used, they must be used for all further significant snowfalls until the snowbank has melted. Since rotaries, which need some form of fuel to power the blades, also cost more to operate than fixed-blade plows, they are now generally considered to be a "weapon of last resort" for the railroads that own them; they are only used when snow is too deep or heavy for fixed-blade plows.
The few remaining rotary plows are either owned by museum railroads, or are kept in reserve for areas with poor road access and routine severe snowfall conditions; the largest remaining fleet of rotaries consists of Union Pacific Railroad's six ex-Southern Pacific plows reserved for Donner Pass.
Power
Early rotaries had steam engines inside their carbodies to power the blades; a few are still in working order, and in particular one on the White Pass & Yukon Route in Alaska performs annual demonstration runs through thick snow for the benefit of photographers and enthusiasts. Newer constructed rotaries are either diesel or electric powered; in the latter case, an electric supply is required. Many steam plows were converted. Some electric plows can take their power from a locomotive, while others are semi-permanently coupled to power units, generally old locomotives with their traction motors removed; these are colloquially called "snails". (This is derived from the fact that engineless but motored units that take their power from another locomotive are "slugs" - thus the opposite, with engine but no motors, is a "snail") , garden fountain pump .
Northern Pacific Rotary 10 steam snowplo , hydraulic foot pump .
The Northern Pacific Rotary 10 steam snowplow built in November, 1907 is currently owned by the Northwest Railway Museum and is on display in Snoqualmie, Washington , roots blowers .
Northern Pacific Rotary 10 steam snowplow with tende , refrigeration vacuum pump .
Northern Pacific Rotary 10 steam snowplo , water transfer pumps .
Northern Pacific Rotary 10 steam snowplow from front en , used blower .
Preservation
Southern Pacific rotary snowplow MW208 is preserved in operational condition at the Western Pacific Railroad Museum at Portola, California. This rotary was involved in the 1952 City of San Francisco rescue.
Another one is on display at the Lake Superior Railroad Museum in Duluth, Minnesota.
See also
Snow blower
Further reading
Lewis, Henry Harrison (January 1901). "A Day's Work on a Snow-Plough". The World's Work: A History of Our Time I: 261-266.
External links
The Rotary Snowplow - a Canadian Invention - quick overview with some historical photos.
Rotary snowplow list - lists rotary plows in existence, some of which are still in use today.
SP Rotary Snowplows - Many photos and details of rotaries that operate over Donner Pass in California.
Rotary snowplow video at YouTube
Categories: Maintenance of way equipment | Snow removal | Canadian inventions
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Pipe for Pressure Vessel  complete opium smoking "layout" including two opium pipes.
An opium pipe is a pipe designed for the vaporization and inhalation of opium. True opium pipes allow for the drug to be vaporized while being heated over a special oil lamp known as an opium lamp. It is thought that this manner of "smoking" opium began in the seventeenth century when a special pipe was developed that vaporized opium instead of burning it.
The configuration of the typical opium pipe consists of a long stem, a ceramic pipe-bowl, and a metal fitting, known as the "saddle", through which the pipe-bowl plugs into the pipe-stem. The pipe-bowl must be detachable from the stem due to the necessity to remove the bowl and scrape its insides clean of opium ash after several pipes have been smoked. The stems of opium pipes were usually made from bamboo, but other materials were used such as ivory, silver and jade, to name a few. Pipe-bowls were typically some type of ceramic, including Yixing clay and blue and white porcelain. Sometimes opium pipe-bowls were carved from more valuable materials such as jade.
Because of its design, the opium pipe needed an opium lamp in order to function. The lamp was as highly specialized as the pipe, and was designed to channel just the right amount of heat upon the pipe-bowl so that the opium would vaporize and allow the smoker to inhale the intoxicating vapors.
Due to opium eradication campaigns in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, genuine opium pipes are now extremely rare. , pump tube .
Further readin , wrought iron balustrades .
Steven Martin, The Art of Opium Antiques (Silkworm Books, 2007). Photograph-driven descriptions of antique Chinese and Vietnamese opium smoking paraphernalia , cable conduit .
Reference , perspex tube .
Antique Chinese opium paraphernalia photographs , pvc water pipe .
External link , water connector .
Opium Museum
Categories: Drug culture | Opioids | Pipe smoking
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Philips And NEC Semiconductors, Transistors, Smd-IC And C 
Medical problems by soldier nationality
Summary of the Operation Desert Storm offensive ground campaign, February 24-28, 1991, by nationality (click for detail).
About 30 percent of the 700,000 U.S. servicemen and women in the first Persian Gulf War have registered in the Persian Gulf War Illness database set up by the American Legion. Some still suffer a wide range of serious health impairing symptoms.
The tables below apply only to coalition forces involved in combat. Since each nation's soldiers generally served in different geographic regions, epidemiologists are using these statistics to correlate effects with exposure to the different suspected causes.
U.S. and UK, with the highest rates of excess illness, are distinguished from the other nations by higher rates of pesticide use, use of anthrax vaccine, and somewhat higher rates of exposures to oil fire smoke and reported chemical alerts , fast recovery diode .
France, with possibly the lowest illness rates, had lower rates of pesticide use, and no use of anthrax vaccine. French troops also served to the North and West of all other combat troops, away and upwind of major combat engagements , quartz oscillators .
Excess prevalence of general symptom , fleetguard filter .
Sympto , oil removal filter .
U.S , k and n filter .
U , fuel line filter .
Australia
Denmark
Fatigue
23%
23%
10%
16%
Headache
17%
18%
7%
13%
Memory problems
32%
28%
12%
23%
Muscle/joint pain
18%
17%
5%
2% (<2%)
Diarrhea
16%
9%
13%
Dyspepsia/indigestion
12%
5%
9%
Neurological problems
16%
8%
12%
Terminal tumors
33%
9%
11%
Excess prevalence of recognized medical conditions
Condition
U.S.
UK
Canada
Australia
Skin conditions
20 20-21%
21%
04 4-7%
4%
Arthritis/joint problems
06 6-11%
10%
0 (-1)-3%
2%
Gastro-intestinal (GI) problems
15 15%
05 5-7%
1%
Respiratory problem
04 4-7%
2%
02 2-5%
1%
Chronic fatigue syndrome
01 1-4%
3%
0%
Post-traumatic stress disorder
02 2-6%
9%
06 6%
3%
Chronic multi-symptom illness
13 13-25%
26%
Possible causes
Graph showing the rate per 1,000 births of congenital malformations observed at Basra University Hospital, Iraq
Nerve gas medication and insect repellents
In 2008, a paper published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences suggested that excess illnesses in Gulf War veterans could be explained in part by their exposure to organophosphate and carbamate acetylcholinesterase inhibitors. A federal report released in November, 2008, agreed, stating that exposure to two substances "are causally associated with Gulf War illness":
pyridostigmine bromide, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor intended to protect against nerve agents., and
pesticides and insect repellents (often acetylcholinesterase inhibitors)
Chemical weapons classified as nerve gases are also strong acetylcholinesterase inhibitors.
Oil well fires
During the war, many oil wells were set on fire, and the smoke from those fires was inhaled by large numbers of soldiers, many of whom suffered acute pulmonary and other chronic effects, including asthma and bronchitis. However, firefighters who were assigned to the oil well fires and encountered the smoke, but who did not take part in combat, have not had GWI symptoms.
Anthrax vaccine
During Operation Desert Storm, 41% of U.S. combat soldiers and 57-75% of UK combat soldiers were vaccinated against anthrax. The early 1990s version of the anthrax vaccine was a source of several serious side effects including GWI symptoms. Like all vaccines, it often caused local skin reactions, some lasting for weeks or months. While the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the vaccine, it never went through large scale clinical trials, unlike almost all other vaccines in the United States.
One study found that deployed Persian Gulf War Syndrome patients are significantly more likely to have antibodies to the experimental vaccine adjuvant squalene (95 percent) than asymptomatic Gulf War veterans (0 percent; p<.001), which raises the possibility that squalene was used experimentally (squalene is not approved for use as an adjuvant in the United States) in the Anthrax vaccine given to soldiers prior to deployment in the Persian Gulf War to better induce immunity.
The potential implication that the Anthrax vaccine given to soldiers immediately prior to the Gulf War was correlated with Persian Gulf War Syndrome prompted the Department of Defense to task the Armed Forces Epidemiological Board (AFEB) to review Asa, Cao, & Garry's methods. The AFEB found several shortcomings that called into question the validity of the results; namely questionable positive controls, the unproven specificity of the ASA assay, and the potential that the researchers were not blind in their knowledge of patient illness/wellness.
A study published in 2009 found no relationship between squalene antibodies and symptoms. The researchers conclude "We found no association between squalene antibody status and chronic multisymptom illness. The etiology of Gulf War syndrome remains unknown, but should not include squalene antibody status."
Research into the vaccine used after 1997 suggests that specific vaccine lots used in immunization during the Anthrax Vaccine Immunization Program program initiated in 1997 likely contain squalene because " the incidence of [anti-squalene antibodies] in personnel in the blinded study receiving these lots was 47% (8/17) compared to an incidence of 0% (0/8; P < 0.025) of the AVIP participants receiving other lots of vaccine."
Even after the war, troops that had never been deployed overseas, after receiving the anthrax vaccine, developed symptoms similar to those of Persian Gulf War Syndrome. The Pentagon failed to report to Congress 20,000 cases where soldiers were hospitalized after receiving the vaccine between 1998 and 2000.
Despite repeated assurances that the vaccine was safe and necessary, a U.S. Federal Judge ruled that there was good cause to believe it was harmful, and he ordered the Pentagon to stop administering it in October 2004. The ban was lifted in February 2008 after the FDA re-examined and approved the drug again. Anthrax vaccine is the only substance suspected in Persian Gulf War syndrome to which forced exposure has since been banned to protect troops from it.
On December 15, 2005, the Food and Drug Administration, released a Final Order finding that anthrax vaccine is safe and effective. Women who receive the vaccine get pregnant and deliver children at the same rates as unvaccinated women. Anthrax vaccination has no effect on pregnancy and birth rates or adverse birth outcomes. however the anthrax vaccine currently used is not the same vaccine that was issued during the First Gulf War.
Chemical weapons
Many of the symptoms, other than low cancer incidence rates, of Gulf War syndrome are similar to the symptoms of organophosphate, mustard gas, and nerve gas poisoning. Persian Gulf War veterans were exposed to a number of sources of these compounds, including nerve gas and pesticides.
Over 125,000 U.S. troops and 9,000 UK troops were exposed to nerve gas and mustard gas when an Iraqi depot in Khamisiyah, Iraq was bombed in 1991.
One of the most unusual events during the build-up and deployment of British forces into the desert of Saudi Arabia was the constant alarms from the NIAD detection systems deployed by all British forces in theatre. The NIAD is a chemical and biological detection system that is set up some distance away from a deployed unit, and will set off an alarm automatically if an agent is detected.
During the troop build-up, these detectors were set off on a large number of occasions, making the soldiers don their respirators. Many reasons were given for the alarms, ranging from fumes from helicopters, fumes from passing jeeps, cigarette smoke and even deodorant worn by troops manning the NIAD posts.
Although the NIAD had been deployed countless times in peacetime exercises in the years before the Gulf War, the large number of alarms was, to say the least, very unusual, and the reasons given were something of a joke among the troops.
The Riegle Report said that chemical alarms went off 18,000 times during the Gulf War. The United States did not have any biological agent detection capability during the Gulf War. After the air war started on January 16, 1991, coalition forces were chronically exposed to low (nonlethal) levels of chemical and biological agents released primarily by direct Iraqi attack via missiles, rockets, artillery, or aircraft munitions and by fallout from allied bombings of Iraqi chemical warfare munitions facilities.
Chemical detection units from the Czech Republic, France, and Britain confirmed chemical agents. French detection units detected chemical agents. Both Czech and French forces reported detections immediately to U.S. forces. U.S. forces detected, confirmed, and reported chemical agents; and U.S. soldiers were awarded medals...
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Power Transistors/Transistor Modules 
Smoke testing of plumbing and sewer systems
Smoke testing in plumbing is used to find places where pipes will spill fluid. Smoke testing of sanitary sewer systems is primarily used to find places where ground water and storm runoff can enter the sanitary sewer system.
Non-toxic smoke is used to find leaks in plumbing and sanitary sewer systems. Artificially created smoke is forced into the pipe or container. Plumes of smoke form where there are defects. It is particularly useful where completely sealing the system is not practical such as ventilated sanitary sewer systems.
When smoke testing a sanitary sewer system it is helpful to partially block off the section of sewer to be tested. This can be done by using a sand bag on the end of a rope. The sand bag is lowered into the manhole and swung into position to partially block lines. Completely blocking the line can cause water to back up and prevent smoke from escaping through defects. Smoke testing may not be done after rain or when ground water is unusually high as this may also prevent detection of defects.
Large downdraft fans, usually powered by gasoline engines, are placed on top of open manholes at either end of the section to be tested. If possible all lines in the manholes except for the line between the manholes are partially blocked. Smoke is created using either a smoke bomb or liquid smoke. Smoke bombs are lit and placed on a grate or in a holder on top of each fan or the liquid smoke is injected into the fan via a heating chamber. The fans create a pressure differential that forces the artificial smoke into the sewer at a pressure just above atmospheric. With properly installed plumbing, the traps will prevent the smoke from entering the house and redirect it out the plumbing vents.
Defective plumbing systems or dry traps will allow smoke to enter the inside of the house.
The area around the section being tested is searched for smoke plumes. Plumes coming from plumbing vents or the interface between the fan shroud and manhole rim are normal; however, smoke plumes outside of the manhole rim are not. Plumes are marked, usually with flags, and defects are noted using measurements from stationary landmarks like the corners of houses. The plumes or markers may also be photographed.
Testing in woodwind instrument repair
A smoke test involves plugging one end of a woodwind instrument and blowing smoke (usually tobacco smoke) into the other. Escaping smoke reveals improperly seated pads and faulty joints (i.e. leaks). After this test, the instrument is cleaned to remove nicotine and other deposits left by the smoke. Due to tobacco smoke being used, this test may be hazardous to the health of the technician in the long run[citation needed]. Described in a repair manual written in the 1930s[citation needed], it is considered obsolete[citation needed], and is no longer used by reputable technicians[citation needed]. The usual alternative to smoke is to place a bright light inside the instrument then check for light appearing around pads and joints.
In automotive repai , pleated air filter .
In the same way that plumbing and woodwind instruments are tested, the vacuum systems of automobiles may be tested in order to locate difficult-to-find vacuum leaks. Artificial smoke is deliberately introduced into the system- under slight pressure and any leaks are indicated by the escaping smoke , fan filter .
Testing in electronics and electrical engineerin , alarm detectors .
The term smoke test or power on test is used in electronics and electrical engineering to refer to the first time a circuit under development is attached to power , camera cmos sensor .
An electrical smoke test may be done before all the work is complete, just to ensure that there are no major flaws that would make further work pointless. For power above about 30 watts, circuit failure at first power-on sometimes literally produces smoke, most often from burning resistors, which produce a unique smell familiar to many technicians. For certain circuits, overheating and burning due to circuitry that is still not properly operating can be avoided by slowly turning up the input voltage to the unit under test by using a variable autotransformer and watching the electric current consumption. As a poor-man's "autotransformer", a properly-sized incandescent light bulb in series with the power feed can provide a similar benefit: if the unit under test has a short circuit or other overload, the bulb will light up and provide a high resistance, limiting or preventing further damage to the unit being tested , fram fuel filters .
Overloaded integrated circuits typically produce "blue smoke" (or magic smoke). "Blue smoke" is the subject of jokes among technicians who refer to it as if it were a genie in the circuit: It's the blue smoke that makes it worket out the blue smoke and it won't do anything , oil sensors .
Smoke testing in software development
Software Testing portal
Smoke testing is done by developers before the build is released to the testers, or by testers before accepting a build for further testing. Microsoft claims that after code reviews, smoke testing is the most cost effective method for identifying and fixing defects in software.
In software engineering, a smoke test generally consists of a collection of tests that can be applied to a newly created or repaired computer program. Sometimes the tests are performed by the automated system that builds the final software. In this sense a smoke test is the process of validating code changes before the changes are checked into the larger product official source code collection or the main branch of source code.
In software testing, a smoke test is a collection of written tests that are performed on a system prior to being accepted for further testing. This is also known as a build verification test. This is a "shallow and wide" approach to the application. The tester "touches" all areas of the application without getting too deep, looking for answers to basic questions like, "Can I launch the test item at all?", "Does it open to a window?", "Do the buttons on the window do things?".
The purpose is to determine whether or not the application is so badly broken that testing functionality in a more detailed way is unnecessary. These written tests can either be performed manually or using an automated tool. When automated tools are used, the tests are often initiated by the same process that generates the build itself. This is sometimes referred to as "rattle" testing - as in "if I shake it does it rattle?"
Smoke testing in the entertainment industry
To smoke test a venue, the venue is filled to capacity with smoke to see if there are any smoke detectors still live in the venue, or if there are any leaks of smoke from the venue sufficient to set off detectors in other parts of the venue being tested.
Notes
^ Guidelines for Smoke Testing
See also
Sanity test
Categories: Tests | Software testing | SmokeHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from January 2008 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from May 2008
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Microfiber Cleaning Cloth 
History
Early settlement
The northern Huntingdon County area was once inhabited by the Ona Jutta Hage or Juniata tribe. Their name meant "The People of the Standing Stone", an obelisk that once stood in their village near present day Huntingdon. The Juniata had moved away by the time that Pennsylvania was colonized by William Penn. Penn bought the land from the Iroquois and the Tuscarora and Shawnee that had resettled throughout central Pennsylvania were soon forced to move on once again. Many different groups of European settlers migrated to the area by the late 1700s. They were mostly farmers of Scots-Irish descent with large numbers of Amish and Mennonite Germans who had fled religious persecution in Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. Later settlers built a tavern and a sawmill in the present location of Greenwood Furnace State Park.
Greenwood Iron Works
Greenwood Furnace State Park is named for the iron furnace that was once the center of industry in northern Huntingdon County. Greenwood Furnace was open for operation on June 5, 1834. The parent company, Norris, Rawle and Co., selected the site because of the ease in access to the needed natural resources, iron ore, limestone, trees for charcoal and a steady water supply. Greenwood Furnace was able to produce up to five tons of pig iron ingots per day at the height of its production , cleaning mop .
Soon a small village sprung up around Greenwood Furnace to support the needs of the workers and the furnace. The village included 20 houses, a company store, company offices, stables and a blacksmith shop. A deposit of high quality iron ore was discovered in the area leading to further growth in the Greenwood Furnace area. A gristmill was constructed in 1842. Greenwood Lake was built at this time to create a water supply to power the mill. Greenwood Lake is currently used as a recreation lake by visitors to Greenwood Furnace State Park , toy storage bin .
Ownership of Greenwood Furnace Iron Works was transferred to John A. Wright in 1847. Wright was one of the founders of the Pennsylvania Railroad in nearby Altoona. The ironworks at Greenwood and nearby Freedom Iron Works were supervised in part by Andrew Carnegie. Under the leadership of Wright and Carnegie Greenwood and Freedom became vitally important centers of iron production for the booming railroad industry. The company expanded its iron output by building a Bessemer furnace at Freedom Iron Works and building a second stack at Greenwood Furnace , pva sponge mop .
The community surrounding Greenwood Furnace Iron Works reached its zenith in the 1870s. At that time it included the two furnaces, the ironmaster's mansion, a church and school, a company store and blacksmith and wagon shop, there were seventeen stables, ninety tenant houses in the mill village and the gristmill. Greenwood Furnace was the home to about 300 families and included its own baseball team known at the "Energetics" and a fifteen piece brass band.
Greenwood Furnace became a ghost town in the early 1900s. Changes in the iron industry lead to the closing of the now obsolete furnaces. When the furnaces were shut down, the jobs were gone and the people of Greenwood left their homes for jobs elsewhere. The land of the former furnace and village was soon reclaimed for nature through the efforts of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.
Tree Nursery and State Park
On February 1, 1906 the state of Pennsylvania purchased the former lands of the ironworks and village from the Logan Iron and Steel Company. The State Forest Reserve Commission established the Greenwood Forest Tree Nursery (which later became the state park) on part of the land, while the rest was made part of the "Greenwood Reserves" and eventually became part of Rothrock State Forest. The soil was ideally suited for use as a tree nursery after the years of use as an iron furnace. The remnants of fly ash and charcoal dust enriched the earth with minerals that were needed for the growing of trees. The nursery began operation in 1906 and closed in 1993. During the 1970s and 1980s the nursery produced an average of three million seedlings per year. The seedlings were replanted in forests throughout Pennsylvania. The Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry recently re-established the tree nursery on a limited basis to provide seedlings for use at its other nurseries and for sale to private nurseries.
The state park was formally established by 1924 by the Pennsylvania Bureau of Forestry (although it was then known as "Greenwood Public Camp"). Former residents of Greenwood village had begun to visit their old homes earlier and in 1921 began an annual reunion known at "Old Home Day." Although the Bureau of Forestry made some improvements to the park, most of the facilities at the park were built during the Great Depression by the young men of the Civilian Conservation Corps, established by President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The boys of the CCC worked to restore a furnace stack and also repaired six original buildings that had not been dismantled when the village was abandoned. In the 1930s the name became "Greenwood Furnace State Forest Park". Greenwood Furnace State Park became an official part of the Pennsylvania state park system in 1966.
Archaeological work began at the park in 1976 to uncover the remains of the village. Greenwood Furnace was designated a Historical Landmark in 1995 by ASM International in recognition of the superior quality iron that was produced by Greenwood Iron and was vitally important to the westward expansion of the railroads.
Recreation
Greenwood Furnace State Park provides a look into historic industrial past of north Huntingdon county as well as recreational opportunities similar that of other Pennsylvania State Parks. A walking tour passes through the remains of Greenwood Furnace, providing park visitors with a lesson about the history of the town that once surrounded the ironworks. A working blacksmith shop has historical demonstrations of the craft of blacksmithing.
Greenwood Lake
Greenwood Lake was first built to provide water for a gristmill. It stands today as a reminder of the small town that once thrived there. The lake is used for recreational fishing, ice fishing, and swimming. Beginning in 2008 lifeguards will not be posted at the beach.
Picnics
Greenwood Furnace State Park has a centrally located picnic area in a spruce and pine grove. There are several picnic tables and seven pavilions that can be rented up to eleven months in advance. The picnic area has easy access to a playground, a horseshoe pit, volleyball courts, a snack bar and a softball field.
Camping
There is a 51 site campground at Greenwood Furnace State Park. It opens at the beginning of trout season in mid-April and closes with the conclusion of deer season in late December. Forty-six of the camp sites have an electric hook-up. A showerhouse with flush toilets and laundry tubs is nearby.
Hunting
There are about 320 acres (130 ha) acres of woods open to hunting at Greenwood Furnace State Park. Hunters are expected to follow the rules and regulations of the Pennsylvania Game Commission. The common game species are ruffed grouse, squirrels, White-tailed deer, and turkeys. The hunting of groundhogs is prohibited. Hunters may access the adjoining Rothrock State Forest by using the parking lots at Greenwood Furnace State Park and hiking in on the trails.
Trails
The trails of Greenwood Furnace State Park explore the forests in the park and venture out into Rothrock State Forest. They also pass by the historical remains of Greenwood Furnace Iron Works. The trails are open to hiking, cross-country skiing, and in some locations recreational snowmobiling.
Chestnut Spring Trail is a 0.5-mile (800 m) "easy/moderate" trail marked with yellow blazes. It passes by several springs, a collier's hut, and a charcoal hearth as it winds its way up a hollow.
Dogtown Trail is a 1-mile (1.6 km) "easy/moderate" trail marked with blue blazes. The trail is named for the former village of Dogtown, which in turn was named for the dogs that barked at the passing iron ore trains. Dogtown Trail is open for hiking and snowmobiling. The trail begins at the park campground and connects with Brush Ridge Trail.
Fire Tower Loop is a 7-mile (11 km) "moderate/difficult" trail marked with blue blazes on the Greenwood Spur and red blazes on Ruff Gap and Snowmobile Road. This trail loops through the park and passes by the Greenwood Fire Tower on Broad Mountain, house foundations, and charcoal hearths. Greenwood Tower was built in the 1930s by the CCC and is still used by forest rangers to watch for forest fires.
Greenwood Trail is a 0.5-mile (800 m) "easy/moderate" trail marked with red blazes. This short loop begins near the picnic area at pavilion six and passes through a diversity of trees, ferns and wildflowers.
Lakeview Trail is a 0.25-mile (400 m) "easy/moderate" trail marked with white blazes. It runs along part of the edge of Greenwood Lake.
Monsell Trail is a 1-mile (1.6 km) "moderate" trail marked with yellow blazes. The trail intersects with Greenwood Trail and links the campground to the Standing Stone Trail. Monsell Trail passes through a pine plantation left over from the days of the ironworks.
Ore Banks Trail is a 1-mile (1.6 km) "moderate" trail marked with yellow and red blazes. It shares part of its trails with Chestnut Springs Trail (yellow blazes) and Brush Ridge Trail (red blazes). Ore Banks Trail passes over the top of a ridge with a view of the park and the remnants of Brush Ridge...
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Mirrow Stand 
Locations
Charter Plant in Philmont, New York
The blow molding of plastic bottles and toothbrush manufacturing operation was in Philmont, New York, located on a major highway junction in upper New York state.
Hartford / East Hartford, Connecticut
The main factory for the Fuller Brush Company was located in East Hartford, Connecticut during the 1960s, where Mr. Fuller's son Avard ran the company. It had moved from Hartford on the other side of river some years earlier. The Research Division was there, along with the plastics molding operation. In the early 1970s, the company was bought out after Mr. Fuller death and moved to Kansas.
The Industrial Brush Division was also at the East Hartford plant, where they made large motor-driven brushes for developing newspaper printing photo metal plates. All the mops were sewn at this plant. The perfuming operation was there also, including a large machine to detect what was in perfume made by other companies. At the plant was a man who bent brush assemblies all day long; he had become blind during World War II while held as a prisoner-of-war by the Japanese, who forced him to arc-weld without protective glasses. Fuller had also given their entire corn-broom manufacturing equipment to a blind organization that made and sold the brooms.
In front of the East Hartford plant was a large glass case with a stuffed large boar that represented the boar hair used in some of the original Fuller brushes. There was also a Mohawk Plant in Albany, New York.
Fuller had a "private label" division, Charter Products, that sold duplicate products under other brand names chosen by the distributor. Avard's interest in boating resulted in experiments at the plant with plastic molding of port lights (windows) for boats, including full plastic hardware.
The East Hartford plant contained an attached large warehouse that was also served by a railroad siding. The stainless steel scrubbies were made there also.
Great Bend, Kansas
Since 1973, Fuller brushes and over 2,000 other Fuller products have been manufactured in Barton County, near Great Bend, Kansas , foundation makeup brush .
Fuller famil , coat duster .
Avard Fuller, the founder's son ran the company during the 1960s and early 1970s , canister steam cleaner .
Carol Ketchum worked on the cosmetics line at Fuller. She was the Canadian niece of Alfred by his first wife.
Joseph Burns became the Vice President of Fuller in 1964.
Johnny Fuller, the grandson, raced a Volvo sports car at the Thompson International Speedway in Connecticut.
In popular culture
During the 1940s and 1950s, the ubiquitous Fuller Brush salesman became a cultural icon, inspiring comedy and jokes, movies, and at least one song.
Movies included The Fuller Brush Man, a 1948 comedy movie starring Red Skelton and Janet Blair and The Fuller Brush Girl, a 1950 comedy movie starring Lucille Ball and Eddie Albert.
Evangelist Billy Graham's 1997 autobiography, Just As I Am, describes in some detail his early experience selling Fuller brushes door-to-door.
The Fuller Brush salesman is mentioned by rock and roots artist James McMurtry in the song Fuller Brush Man. The song appears on his 1995 release Where'd you Hide the Body, released by Columbia records.
The Big Bad Wolf disguises himself as a Fuller Brush salesman in Disney's 1933 Academy Award-winning Silly Symphonies version of The Three Little Pigs.
The song "Sneakin' Around" from The Best Little Whorehouse in Texas mentions "jokes about the Fuller brush man," presumably of a bawdy nature.
External links
Fuller Brush Company
Photographs of Alfred Fuller Memorial
Fuller Brush Company History
Alfred C. Fuller The Original Fuller Brush Man ( Picture and history)
Fuller Brush Distributor Information
Categories: Personal selling | Companies based in Kansas | Companies established in 1906Hidden categories: Articles lacking sources from May 2008 | All articles lacking sources | Cleanup from May 2008 | All pages needing cleanup
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www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/cardProc/A24-1034-1_82-83-84_sorters.pdf.